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Latin Anatomical Terminology. Учебное пособие на английском языке
Светира Станназар
Учебное пособие по латинской анатомической терминологии предназначено для англо-говорящих студентов и преподавателей медицинских вузов. Включает грамматические таблицы с пояснениями, лексические минимумы, упражнения, словари. Может использоваться для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы в рамках программы на английском языке в медицинском вузе.

Latin Anatomical Terminology
Учебное пособие на английском языке

Светира Станназар

© Светира Станназар, 2025

ISBN 978-5-0065-3756-9
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
ЛАТИНСКАЯ АНАТОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ ДЛЯ АНГЛО-ГОВОРЯЩИХ СТУДЕНТОВ.
LATIN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY FOR ENGLISH-SPEAKING STUDENTS
учебное пособие
training manual
Latin Abbreviations
NB! – Nota bene! (Pay attention!)
Nom. – Nominativus (Nominative case)
Gen. – Genetivus (Genitive case)
sing. – singularis (singular)
plur. – pluralis (plural)
m – masculinum (masculine gender)
f – femininum (feminine gender)
n – neutrum (neuter gender)
e.g. – exempli gratia (for example)
etc. – et cetera (and so on)
i.e. – id est (that is)

Foreword
Dear Medical Students! You begin to learn the Basics of Medical Terminology. In order to avoid misunderstandings or criticism, let’s make it clear right now that we deal exclusively with Latin medical terminology, and not the Latin language as such. Let us give you a few preliminary remarks about the amount of Latin grammar we need in the course of Latin Anatomical Terminology.

To deal with an anatomical term, we mostly need two parts of speech: noun and adjective. Let’s start with a noun. Latin noun has five declensions, three genders and two active cases – Nominative and Genitive. The noun helps us to construct an anatomical term called a non-agreed definition. Such a term consists of two nouns, the second of which defines the first. This term is called non-agreed, because nouns are in different cases: the first is in the Nominative case, i.e. it answers the question what? and is the main word in the word-combination; the second noun is in the Genitive case, i.e. it answers the question of what? and is an attribute of the main noun, its definition. The Nominative case gives the name, the Genitive case indicates the possession. The first thing to understand is the Dictionary Form of the noun. In Latin, a noun is written in a dictionary as follows: a full form in the Nominative case, ending of the Genitive case, gender, translation into a national language. Nouns must be memorized in their dictionary forms. It should be remembered that the declension sign is the ending of the Genitive case (2
element of the dictionary form). There are five declensions of nouns, characterized by specific case endings. The declension of a noun consists in changing the case ending depending on the question of what? while maintaining the stem. We must decline a noun, i.e. replace the Nominative ending with the Genitive ending, when it answers the question of what?. The productive stem of a noun is the part of a noun without the case ending. It is called productive as it allows us to produce various case forms of a noun, the plural number form, as well as derive other speech parts, e.g. adjectives.
Let’s consider the example of a non-agreed definition (a noun+noun term).
The task is to translate the term aortic arch (arch of the aorta). We find words in the dictionary in their dictionary forms: aorta, ae f – aorta; arcus, us m – arch. The word order is as follows: the first place in the term is occupied by the noun which answers the question what?, i.e. in the Nominative case; this noun is followed by the noun which indicates the belonging, used in the Genitive case. In such type of a term the first word always answers the question what?, the second word answers the question of what? In our term the first word is in the Nominative singular form, this is the first component of the dictionary form, the second word is used in the Genitive singular form, i.e. with the second ending -ae given in the dictionary form instead of the Nominative ending -a. Thus, we get the Latin term arcus aortae.
The second important part of speech used in anatomical terminology is the adjective. The adjective varies by gender, number and case. Generic endings are given in its dictionary form in the following order: for adjectives of the 1
group – the full form of the adjective in the Nominative singular form with the masculine ending —us/-er, the feminine ending —a, the neuter ending —um; for adjectives of the 2
group – the full form of the adjective in the Nominative singular form with the masculine and feminine ending —is, the neuter ending —e. In addition to generic endings, two groups of adjectives differ in declensions:
– The 1
group is declined according to the pattern of declensions I and II depending on the gender: masculine and neuter adjectives are declined by the 2
declension, feminine adjectives are declined by the 1
declension.
– The 2
group is declined according to the pattern of declension III regardless of the gender. The 2
group also includes a number of adjectives with one generic ending only, i.e. they don’t vary in gender, in their dictionary form they have the full form of Nominative singular and the Genitive singular ending with the part of the changed productive stem: e.g. simplex, icis simple.
The adjective is placed after the noun that defines and agrees with it in gender, number, case. Such a term is called an agreed definition (a noun + adjective term). To put an adjective in the correct form in a term, you first need to determine the case, gender and number of the noun which the adjective refers to.
Let us consider the term with the adjective of the 1
group: thoracic vertebra. To make a translation, you first need to find the dictionary forms of each word: thoracic – thoracicus, a, um; vertebra – vertebra, ae f. Then you need to determine the gender, number, case of the noun in the term: feminine, singular, Nominative. Then you need to put the adjective after the noun in the same gender, number and case. As a result, we get the Latin term: vertebra thoracica.
We wish you successful training!

Structure of Latin Anatomical Term


NB! A word-combination can consist of more than two words.
NB! A Latin non-agreed definition can be translated into English by two ways: with the preposition of (arch of the vertebra) or with a chain of nouns (vertebra arch).

NOUN
Endings of nouns of Declensions I -V in Nom. and Gen. sing. forms


NB! In all declensions, except for declension III, the stem coincides in Nom. and Gen. forms, i.e. remains unchangeable.
NB! The dictionary form of a noun consists of 4 elements: word form in Nom. sing., ending of Gen.sing., designation of the genus, translation: e.g. vertebra, ae f vertebra.
NB! The declension sign is the Genitive singular ending (Gen. sing.), indicated in second place in the dictionary form, after the Nominative singular full form.
Lexical Minimum of Nouns of Declensions I, II, IV and V
(Latin – English)
Declension I




Declension II


Declension IV


Declension V
facies, ei f – 1) face, 2) surface
Declension III
Masculine Gender


NB! As the stem of the word belonging to declension III in most cases does not coincide in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing. forms, it can be found by the Gen. sing. form only, by the way of dropping the ending —is. The Gen. sing. stem is practical and productive, i.e. it joins the endings of all the other cases and plural number, as well as suffixes when producing other speech parts. For example: tendo, inis m – tendon, the practical stem of the Latin word is tendin-.
NB! It is important to remember that the masculine gender of declension III includes names of muscles by function. Muscle names by function consist of two words: the word musculus and the masculine noun of declension III, which designates the function: musculus constrictor, musculus abductor, etc. So, both words in the term are nouns, have the same gender, number and case, but belong to the different declensions (the noun musculus is of declension II). If such a term is followed by another noun, then the latter is used in the Genitive case: constrictor muscle of pharynx – musculus constrictor pharyngis.
NB! In writing, the word musculus is usually shortened to m.: m. constrictor.
NB! If a noun of declension III consists if one syllable only, the full form of Genetive singular is given in its dictionary form: pes, pedis m – foot; the stem is ped-.
Lexical Minimum of Masculine Nouns of Declension III




Feminine Gender


Lexical Minimum of Feminine Nouns of Declension III


Neuter Gender


Lexical Minimum of Neutral Nouns of III Declension
abdomen, inis n – abdomen
caput, itis n – head
chiasma, atis n – chiasm (decussation)
corpus, oris n – body
crus, cruris n – crus (shin; leg (of the inner organ))
diaphragma, atis n – diaphragm
femur, oris n – femur (thighbone)
foramen, inis n – foramen (opening)
hepar, atis n – liver
occiput, itis n – occiput (back of the head)
rete, is n – network
systema, atis n – system
tempus, oris n – temple
zygoma, atis n – zygoma (cheekbone)
words – exceptions by gender
lien, enis m (= splen, splenis m) – spleen
ren, renis m – kidney

ADJECTIVE
The Latin adjective is divided into two groups and is declined by the pattern of the first three declensions, depending on the generic endings.


NB! The dictionary form of the adjectives of the 1
group shows their three generic endings in the following order: the full masculine form of the adjective, the feminine ending, the neuter ending: thoracicus, a, um – thoracic. The dictionary form of the adjectives of the 2
group shows their 2 generic endings in the following order: the full form of the adjective in masculine and feminine gender, the ending of the neuter gender: vertebralis, e – vertebral. Stem of the adjective is found by dropping the generic ending. The second group of adjectives also includes adjectives of one generic ending, i.e. they don’t vary by gender, their dictionary form includes the adjective itself and its ending in the Genitive case with a part of the changed stem: simplex, icis – simple. The stem of such an adjective is found by dropping the ending -is.
NB! In the Latin term, the definition expressed by the adjective always follows the noun. The exception of this rule is the word mater, tris f, which is preceded by the adjective: pia mater, dura mater.
NB! An adjective always agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun which it defines.
NB! The participles of the active present tense are also declined according to the pattern of declension III, as do the adjectives of the 2
group. Such participles do not change by gender, in the dictionary form they have the Gen. sing. ending with a part of the changed stem: ascendens, ntis – ascending, the stem ascendent-.

Lexical Minimum of the 1
Group Adjectives

NB! The meanings of adjectives are various, they can designate affiliation, consistence, color, location, relation, size, shape, etc. Adjectives of the 1
group are frequently formed with the suffix -ic- with the meaning of relating to what the stem names, and the suffix -os- with the meaning of consisting of what the stem names.
albus, a, um – white
asper, era, erum – rough
caroticus, a, um – carotid
cribrosus, a, um – cribrate
dexter, tra, trum – right
durus, a, um – hard
externus, a, um – external
fibrosus, a, um – fibrous
flavus, a, um – yellow
internus, a, um – internal
latus, a, um – wide
liber, era, erum – loose; free
longus, a, um – long
magnus, a, um – large
medianus, a, um – median
medius, a, um – middle
niger, gra, grum – black
obliquus, a, um – oblique
parvus, a, um – small
petrosus, a, um – petrous, stony
pius, a, um – soft
ruber, bra, brum – red
sinister, tra, trum – left
spinosus, a, um – spinous
squamosus, a, um – squamous
transversus, a, um – transverse

venosus, a, um – venous

Lexical Minimum of the 2
Group Adjectives

NB! Adjectives of the 2
group are usually formed with the suffix -al-/-ar- with the meaning of relating to what the stem names.
arterialis, e – arterial
axialis, e – axial
capillaris, e – capillary
communis, e – common; general
dorsalis, e – dorsal, back
horizontalis, e – horizontal
jugularis, e – jugular
lacrimalis, e – lacrimal
lateralis, e – lateral, side
medialis, e – medial
mollis, e – soft
simplex, icis – simple
superficialis, e – superficial
teres, etis – round
ventralis, e – ventral
visceralis, e – visceral
Lexical Minimum of Adjectives with Meaning of Similarity
NB! These adjectives of Greek origin are formed with the Greek suffix -ide-, the adjectives of Latin origin are formed with the Latin suffix -form-.
Latin – English


Complex Adjectives
There is a number of ajectives formed by means of stems adding. A complex adjective is formed as follows: a final adjective is added to the initial stem of a noun using a connecting vowel o (a noun stem + o + an adjective): e.g. sternohyoideus, a, um; humeromuscularis, e.

Comparative Degree of Adjectives


NB! The dictionary form of adjectives in a comparative degree consists of 2 elements: the full form in masculine and feminine gender, the neuter ending: superior, ius. Other case and number endings are attached directly to the full form in masculine and feminine gender.
NB! In the Latin anatomical terminology, six comparative adjectives should be memorized:
superior, ius – superior (higher)
anterior, ius – anterior (front)
posterior, ius – posterior (back)
inferior, ius – inferior (lower)
major, jus – major (greater, larger)
minor, us – minor (smaller, less)
Superlative Degree of Adjectives


NB! The superlative adjectives are formed with the suffix -issim-/-rim- or by way of changing the stem. The dictionary form of adjectives in superlative degree shows their three generic endings: a full adjective form with a masculine ending, a feminine ending, a neuter ending: latissimus, a, um – widest, broadest. The stem is found by dropping the masculine ending.
Superlative Adjectives Used in Latin Anatomical Terminology
latissimus, a, um – the broadest, widest
longissimus, a, um – the longest
maximus, a, um – the greatest
minimus, a, um – the least
supremus, a, um – the highest
Prefixes of Adjectives in Latin Anatomical Terminology
(prefix – meaning – example)
circum- – around – circumflexus circumflex
ex (tra) – - external – extracellularis extracellular
inter- – between – intervertebralis intervertebral
in (tra) – - internal – intramuscularis intramuscular
infra-, sub-, hypo- – under – infraorbitalis infraorbital, sublingualis sublingual, hypoglossus hypoglossal
super-, supra-, epi- – above – supraclavicularis supraclavicular, epigastricus epigastric
re (tro) – - behind – retrosternalis retrosternal
pr (a) e-, ante- – in front of, before – praecaecalis prececal, antebrachium forearm
post- – behind, after – postnodalis postnodal
para- – near – paranasalis paranasal
peri- – around – perivascularis perivascular
semi- – half, one-sided – semilunaris semilunar

Names of Intestines
NB! Names of intestines represent substantive adjectives, i.e. adjectives that have passed into the category of nouns of declension II, the neuter gender, with the exception of two names: intestinum tenue; intestinum crassum.

intestinum, i n – intestine [bowel, gut]
caecum, i n – cecum [blind gut]
colon, i n – colon [middle gut]
duodenum, i n – duodenum [duodenal gut]
ileum, i n – ileum [twisted intestine]
jejunum, i n – jejunum [empty intestine]
intestinum tenue – small intestine [little gut]
intestinum crassum – large intestine [large gut]
rectum, i n – rectum

Names of Linings
NB! Names of linings represent substantive adjectives, i.e. adjectives that have passed into the category of nouns of declension I, the feminine gender, with the exception of three names: tunica muscularis; dura mater; pia mater.

tunica, ae f – coat, tunic, lining, membrane
tunica muscularis – muscular layer
arachnoidea, ae f – arachnoid
conjunctiva, ae f – conjunctive membrane
cornea, ae f – cornea
mater, tris f – mater [shell of the brain]
dura mater – dura mater
pia mater – pia mater
mucosa, ae f – mucosa, mucous membrane

Names of Teeth
dens caninus – canine tooth, cuspid
dens deciduus (lacteus, primarius, caducus) – milk tooth, baby tooth
dens incisivus – incisor
dens molaris – molar
dens permanens – permanent tooth, secondary tooth
dens praemolaris – premolar
dens serotinus [dens sapientiae] – wisdom tooth

Plural Number of Nouns and Adjectives




NB! For comparative adjectives, plural endings are attached directly to the full masculine and feminine form: superior, ius – superiores, superiora, superiorum; major, jus – majores, majora, majorum.

Lexical Minimum of Terms Always Used in Plural


NB! As an exception, the noun vas, vasis n, declension III, is declined according to the pattern of declension II in the Gen. plur. form: vasorum.

TASKS
Task 1.Translate non-agreed terms (noun+noun), declensions I, II, IV, V, into English:

– trochlea humeri, raphe palati, incisura costae, collum costae, sutura cranii
– manubrium sterni, skeleton membri, dorsum nasi, incisura acetabuli, arteria genus
– tuberculum costae, crista processus, ligamentum scapulae, processus sinus, arcus vertebrae
– ligamentum genus, papilla duodeni, ligamentum nuchae, arteria ductus, vagina musculi
– condylus humeri, septum nasi, tuberculum sellae, incisura mandibulae, pediculus vertebrae
– sinus tarsi, concha nasi, sulcus papillae, frenulum linguae, vena portae
– bulbus oculi, spina scapulae, processus radii, facies acromii
– crista costae, skeleton membri, fossa olecrani, ramus nervi, aqu (a) eductus vestibuli
– trochlea humeri, processus radii, frenulum linguae, raphe palati, collum scapulae
– facies maxillae, ligamentum patellae, capsula ganglii, incisura acetabuli, angulus sterni
– incisura costae, septum nasi, valvula sinus, cavum tympani, ligamentum patellae
– musculus palati, lamina arcus vertebrae, cuticula enameli, manubrium sterni, collum scapulae

Task 2.Translate non-agreed terms (noun+noun), declensions I, II, IV, V, into Latin:

1) humerus block, raphe of the palate, rib notch, neck of the rib,
suture of the skull
2) handle of the breast-bone, skeleton of the limb, back of the nose, notch of the acetabulum, artery of the knee
3) tubercle of the rib, crest of the process, ligament of the shoulder blade, aperture
of the sinus, arch of the vertebra
4) ligament of the knee, papilla of the duodenum, ligament of the nape of the neck, artery of the duct, vagina of the muscle
5) condyle of bone of upper arm, septum of the nose, tubercle of the saddle,
pedicle of vertebra
6) muscle of the palate, concha of the nose, sulcus of the papilla, frenulum of the tongue, vein of the port
7) lobule of the auricle, eyeball, spine of the blade, process of the radius,
surface of the acromion
8) crest of the rib, skeleton of the limb, fossa of the olecranon, branch of the nerve, aqueduct of the vestibule
9) humerus block, process of the radius, frenulum of the tongue, raphe of the palate, neck of the shoulder blade
10) surface of the upper jaw, ligament of the knee-cap, capsule of the ganglion, incisure of the acetabulum, angle of the breastbone

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