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As They Say In Zanzibar
David Crystal
David Crystal, one of the world’s leading commentators on language, tackles the proverbs of the world. In this anthology of global proverbs Crystal brings his customary keen eye and linguistic expertise to this wonderfully rich topic.Proverbs are fascinating in what they tell us about a culture's view of everyday life: whether it be the importance of animals or the significance of the weather, proverbial wisdom is a key factor in understanding different peoples and cultures. Here David Crystal, the world's leading commentator on language, takes us on a global tour of the world's proverbs. Whether you are in Andorra, China or Tierra del Fuego, there is a nugget of local wisdom to inform and entertain.Some proverbs to entertain:• When two elephants struggle, it is the grass which suffers. (Zanzibar)• One must chew according to one's teeth (Norway)• Admiration is the daughter of ignorance (Spain)• A blind man needs no looking glass (Scotland)• Never bolt your door with a boiled carrot (Ireland)• Don't call the alligator a big-mouth till you have crossed the river (Belize)• An untouched drum does not speak. (Liberia)• Do not try to borrow combs from shaven monks. (China)






When two elephants tussle, it’s the grass that suffers
ZANZIBAR
CONTENTS
COVER (#u00025a45-d064-5eb0-906f-23f939d6291f)
TITLE PAGE (#u9a51c8fc-c79e-5405-a4bc-00f668d672a0)
INTRODUCTION (#ulink_9e0f8f84-0bce-5109-95f7-a38e6c36b3f7)
THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION (#ulink_3875c0bf-2414-5715-8607-d8ff2f157b63)
LIST OF PANELS (#ulink_65e6d8e5-ecbc-54e4-a487-ecb0eaa3c64c)
AS THEY SAY IN ZANZIBAR (#u74874b0a-cd5a-58e0-8196-4d7b7e25f494)
KEEP READING (#u9f10e19a-cbd7-5535-80fb-371d81224943)
FURTHER READING
INDEXES:
1 THEMES
2 BOOK TO ROGET
3 ROGET TO BOOK
4 LEXEMES
5 COUNTRIES
COPYRIGHT
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
INTRODUCTION (#ulink_320a0bf3-1c58-522d-8d40-697279a7877c)
When the occasion comes, the proverb comes GHANA
If there is falsity in a proverb, then milk can be sour INDIA
IS THERE still a place for proverbs in the language of the twenty-first century? When I began to compile this book, I asked several people what they thought of proverbs, and encountered a surprising number of negative reactions. One widely held view maintains that proverbs are clichéd expressions, used by those who have not bothered to think clearly. Another sees them as out of date, a reflection of a bygone age. One person – an Internet geek – told me that he ‘wouldn’t be seen dead using one’, citing ‘Too many cooks spoil the broth’ as a case in point.
There is a curious double-think operating. I later heard that same geek joking with some colleagues about the poor military intelligence that had led a certain government to make some bad decisions. ‘Garbage in, garbage out’, said the geek. The phrase originated in his IT world: if invalid data (garbage) is entered into a system, the output will also be invalid. During the 1990s, the expression came to be applied to an increasingly varied range of situations. Within a decade, it had taken on proverbial status. My anti-proverbial geek was using a proverb without realizing it.
Within a few days of that first enquiry, I heard several people dropping proverbs, or fragments of proverbs, into their conversations. ‘Needs must’, said one. ‘Ask a silly question’, said another. ‘People in glass houses’, said a third. None of them bothered to complete the well-known proverbs. They were taken for granted.
People may not quote proverbs in full as much as they used to, or treat them with the high respect of an earlier age, but they certainly allude to them. Anyone looking out for proverbs in everyday situations would quickly be able to add to the following brief selection:

A university department that was being axed advertised its farewell party under the banner headline: ‘Come and Hear the Fat Lady Sing’.
A TV comedian made a risqué joke based on ‘A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’.
A US motel trying to attract custom to the claimed comfort of its facilities had a sign outside: ‘The early bird only gets the worm’.
A TV comedy programme called itself ‘Birds of a Feather’.
Proverbs continue to fascinate people. Here is a test anyone can do. Choose one of the less familiar proverbs from this book, drop it into a conversation, and see what happens. My favourite is the Irish proverb Never bolt your door with a boiled carrot. There is invariably an interesting discussion about the proverb’s origins and use. And one proverb then reminds someone of another. It is a bit like punning: when one person makes a pun, others try to do better. Puns are batted back and forth. Some linguists have called this phenomenon ‘ping-pong punning’. There is ping-pong proverbing too. Proverb exchanges and contests have a literary history. You will find one in Shakespeare.
There is something about the proverbs associated with other cultures that allows them to evade the kind of criticism we level at our own native expressions. Whatever else we might say about the following, we would not for one moment call them clichés.
A coconut shell full of water is a sea to an ant (ZANZIBAR)
Don’t call the alligator a big-mouth till you have crossed the river (BELIZE)
An untouched drum does not speak (LIBERIA)
Do not try to borrow combs from shaven monks (CHINA)
Such proverbs do more than express a general truth or universal belief. Each in its own way adds a tiny bit more to our understanding of the world’s linguistic and cultural diversity, and thus helps us grasp more fully what it means to be human.
It is a commonplace of comparative linguistics that every language expresses a unique vision of the world. This is not to say that each language is so different from others that its speakers can never communicate outside their own people. The existence of ‘balanced bilinguals’ – people who have learned two languages from childhood with equal fluency – and the everyday phenomenon of translating and interpreting proves otherwise. Rather, it is to point out that languages are not identical in the way in which they talk about the world. There is a limit to the amount of exact translation equivalence that can be achieved, and people have to be satisfied with an approximation. And it is in this area of approximate equivalence that fascinating cultural differences can be found.
Commentators over the years have drawn attention to the importance of a comparative linguistic perspective on life. Here is Ezra Pound, in The ABC of Reading (1960):
The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.
And here is George Steiner, in a 1967 essay (‘F R Leavis’):
Is it not the duty of the critic to avail himself, in some imperfect measure at least, of another language – if only to experience the defining contours of his own?
The ideal, of course, is to learn enough of another language to be able to get a sense of the differences directly – to feel the contours, without having to rely on a translating intermediary. The second-best approach is to read, in translation, as much as possible of the culturally distinctive literature of other languages, such as its poems, stories, myths, legends – and proverbs.
A collection of cross-linguistic proverbs is of special interest because it conveys two opposed but equally interesting messages. On the one hand, it draws attention to the differences of expression and perception which characterize the world’s communities. On the other hand, it shows that, to a very great extent, these communities are the same. People recognize, admire and worry over similar things. Notions such as ‘More haste, less speed’ can be found in dozens of cultures. And in such examples as the following, the nuance may vary, but the spirit behind the proverb remains the same:
A guest and a fish after three days are poison (FRANCE)
Seven days is the length of a guest’s life (MYANMAR)
However, this common human perspective is a complication when it comes to compiling a book such as this one, which aims to be illustrative of proverbial diversity and not comprehensive. It is not possible, in a short selection, to include a proverb as it appears in every country; nor – if reader interest is to be preserved – is it desirable. To illustrate the point, consider these variations on the guest theme – just a few taken from Selwyn Gurney Champion’s huge collection of translated cultural proverbs (see Further Reading (#ueccc55d7-0a17-5ee2-86e6-93a88e8b0dcf)):
A fish and a guest go bad on the third day and must be thrown out (BASQUE)
Fish and guests smell at three days old (DANISH)
A guest, like a fish, stinks the third day (DUTCH)
A fish and a guest after three days are poison (ENGLISH)
Guests and fish will get old on the third day (ESTONIAN)
The first day a guest, the second a guest, the third day a calamity (HINDI)
Even a welcome guest becomes a bore on the third day (JAPANESE)
We need only one example to appreciate the point, but that means grasping the nettle and selecting one country to represent all. I have endeavoured to introduce as wide a range of countries as possible, when making such choices. There are 110 (apart from England) listed in Index 5 (#u7910e050-e2bd-54f9-aa6c-e7f4bcc9558b).
All anthologies are made with particular audiences in mind, and selections inevitably change over time. Until as recently as thirty years ago, it would have been normal to find in any proverb collection a predominantly masculine bias, reflecting traditional male-dominated society. Many items, both those native to English and those in translation, would have begun with ‘He who …’ or ‘The man who …’. Times have moved on. I have replaced these with a generic usage, unless there is a genuine male v female contrast involved. A remarkable number of proverbs, in many countries, also reflect unpalatable notions, such as the desirability of beating one’s wife to ensure obedience. And most countries have proverbs which are extremely rude about the people, politics, or religion of their neighbours, especially those with whom they have been at war. I have not included these either, wishing to provide a selection which reinforces the ideals of a more tolerant and inclusive age. The dismissive attitudes are available in the older literature cited in Further Reading (#ueccc55d7-0a17-5ee2-86e6-93a88e8b0dcf), should anyone wish to read them.
From a linguistic point of view, I have adopted a sentence-based notion of proverb, as is usual these days. In earlier times, the notion of a proverbial expression covered a wide range of linguistic features, including idioms, riddles, similes, and everyday phrases. John Bull, hard cheese, Merry England, and I told you so have all been called ‘proverbs’ in one collection or another, in times past. All the proverbs in the present collection are sentences, conveying autonomous units of sense in a succinct form. Many display structural balance, parallelism, rhythmical contrast, and other rhetorical features which add to their memorability and help explain their common use. But it is not obligatory for a proverb to have a tightly controlled linguistic structure. What is important is the insight rather than the form.
It is not easy to define proverbs from the point of view of the kinds of insight they express. They are generalizations which express a remarkable range of functions – conveying advice, warning against consequences, predicting likelihoods, and recommending behaviours (such as diplomacy, courtesy, charity, and kindliness). Many are quite literal, such as An apple a day keeps the doctor away. The more interesting ones operate at two levels of meaning. Whatever we can say about the meaning of Don’t burn your candle at both ends, one thing is certain: we are not really talking about candles.
Proverb collections have used many methods of organization, from alphabetical order to a broad thematic classification. For the present book, I felt the most interesting principle would be to organize the material into semantic fields, as it is in these domains that we are likely to encounter interesting cultural comparisons. Semantic fields are ways of organizing words (more strictly, lexemes: see Index 4 (#uf94e0b4e-8144-5969-a8c6-076184929b03)) into related groups, such as ‘furniture’, ‘fruit’, and ‘parts of the body’.
There is no single way of grouping words (and thus proverbs) semantically. Within the category of ‘parts of the body’, for example, we can distinguish such contrasts as ‘upper’ v ‘lower’, or ‘head’ v ‘trunk’ v ‘limbs’, or ‘arms’ v ‘legs’, or ‘fingers’ v ‘hands’, and so on. For the present book, I have allowed my depth of detail to be influenced by the nature of the proverbial material. Proverbs talk quite a lot about parts of the body, so I have devoted several sections to them (232–250). By contrast, there are very few proverbs devoted to musical instruments, so I have grouped all types of instrument under a single heading (272).
But how to organize the semantic fields into a sequence? Some collections adopt an arbitrary solution, listing them alphabetically, beginning with ‘Ability’ (or some other A-notion) and ending with such categories as ‘Year’ or ‘Youth’. This has the disadvantage of separating groups that we feel should belong together. Others list proverbs according to the ‘most significant word’ – an approach which is doomed to confusion, faced with the many proverbs that contain words that compete for our attention. Which is the most significant word in The sweeter the perfume, the uglier the flies which gather round the bottle? Plainly, all the main words make a contribution to the sense, and all need to be recognized.
I much prefer an approach which sequences proverb categories on the basis of the semantic relationship between them. I could have started from scratch, and devised a new system, but what is the point, when we already have a system of semantic classification that has been in widespread use for the past 150 years? I am referring to Roget’s Thesaurus, first published in May 1852. Roget has become the standard tool for people who want a thesaurus which organizes words into fields of meaning (as distinct from those thesauruses which list words in alphabetical order along with sets of synonyms and antonyms). I felt the level of generality which Roget used in his approach would be close to that required in a thematic classification of proverbs, so I adopted his logic as a means of sequencing the themes I needed to recognize in this book. Sometimes Roget’s categories were too abstract, and I had to break them down into more specific domains. Sometimes they were too narrow, and I had to group them into broader types. But on the whole the exercise was helpful, and many of my themes are in a one-to-one relationship with Roget’s. The approach may also help those who wish to take Roget in new directions. I have always regretted the absence of proverbs in that work, and Indexes 2 and 3 of the present book can be used to add a proverbial dimension to it.
How then to handle the complexity of such proverbs as The sweeter the perfume, the uglier the flies which gather round the bottle? If one of the constituent words stood out – flies, say – it would be possible to place the proverb into the appropriate category (‘Insects’) and cross-refer all the other words to it. But that would mean five cross references – from sweet, perfume, ugly, gather round, and bottle. Clearly, such a method of classification would flood a book with cross references, and readers would be forever jumping around with their fingers in different pages.
The alternative is to place the proverb into each of the semantic fields that its constituent words belong to. So, we would locate this proverb once under ‘Bottles’, once under ‘Sweet’, and so on. The demerit of this approach is that a single proverb appears several times throughout the book. But this is far outweighed, in my view, by the convenience of seeing each proverb in its appropriate semantic place, without the need for cross reference. The statistics are as follows: the book as a whole has some 7,500 listings, representing 2,015 different proverbs, grouped into 468 semantic fields, representing around 650 themes. For a list of the semantic fields and their order, see the Contents page (#u53347b6c-1dbd-571a-ad39-ef362a801bb0). For a complete listing of all the themes recognized within these fields, see Index 1 (#ube4bef98-a26e-519d-80b1-d74bfbd1bea7).
Anthologies are never finished, only abandoned. In the case of proverbs, one has to recognize very early on that the field is one of extraordinary magnitude. The proverbs of the world are numbered not in thousands but in millions. What is a couple of thousand among so many? I believe that small-scale compilations have their place, for there are still many avenues in the investigation of proverbs which remain to be explored. For this book, I have attempted to integrate just two dimensions – the cross-cultural and the semantic. But they are dimensions which are not usually considered together, and I hope thereby to make a small contribution to the evolution of this fascinating field.
This has also been an exercise in standing on shoulders. My research has taken me from the early classical collections, such as Ray’s Proverbs of 1767, into modern popular collections, of the ‘Thousand Chinese Proverbs’ type, and from there into the World Wide Web, where there are now some remarkable intercultural sites. I give some references in Further Reading (#ueccc55d7-0a17-5ee2-86e6-93a88e8b0dcf). I warmly acknowledge the help I have had from earlier paremiographers, and hope that this latest anthology does them, and their field, no disservice.
David Crystal
THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION (#ulink_e2e4cc0a-359e-5dcf-9c4c-9125ebdc8ff2)

1  Existence (#ulink_975e2f6f-b6d6-5c35-83be-c8d443cfa20f)
2  Family (#ulink_2718102a-6a6f-5c66-afe8-4ace6d1873ff)
3  Sameness (#ulink_ac8cdd2b-3b0a-5ca6-b940-08477f30570b)
4  Difference (#ulink_7a12c028-9de1-5492-81db-5a1201931d9c)
5  Small amount (#ulink_6fa2aff2-97d1-5c8c-949f-e9335d0ab672)
6  Large amount (#ulink_76866573-f3a8-5214-986e-ef9a466814b2)
7  Increase – Decrease (#ulink_3d34bf3c-aa70-54f8-8586-53475105e3ef)
8  One alone (#ulink_984c68ad-388f-5abf-9197-f197ed54edf6)
9  One of two (#ulink_c40f69ca-8840-5572-acc4-65c8a04f5c02)
10  One of several (#ulink_a53cedb1-1c50-57c9-a66a-9248f76b7db7)
11  Accompaniment (#ulink_fd3cfbd7-acc6-528f-897d-cd5f56a4dc40)
12  Two – Twice – Both (#ulink_d6f39ec7-fd1b-5119-a731-634561d54106)
13  Three – Third (#ulink_7e5c29b4-f830-526b-bd29-4f56cdbe21cc)
14  Four or more (#ulink_b6139d50-4db3-5c3d-8230-66ae32703dc1)
15  Next to nothing (#ulink_2bf19f9f-7924-55a7-8e79-23c642a3d19a)
16  Multitude (#ulink_c7102486-1e16-528c-91cd-1ba6382a282c)
17  Better – Worse (#ulink_07002ca5-566e-591a-8439-7d9b9a7fb896)
18  Uniting (#ulink_b44aed45-51b1-52e1-a03e-128be2f99474)
19  Separating (#ulink_eaa5fb47-253d-5d92-ada6-19fbce6f389d)
20  Chain – Rope – String (#ulink_2dc58ffe-9687-5874-9764-8976d866d2c7)
21  Whole – Part (#ulink_29c097ad-8aae-56c8-8729-e88dddafea8c)
22  Full – Entire
23  Empty – Lacking
24  Sequence – Order
25  Assemblages
26  Contents
27  Kinds
28  Always happening
29  Conformity
30  Repetition
31  Time
32  Years – Seasons – Months – Weeks
33  Days – Nights
34  Mornings – Afternoons – Evenings
35  Hours – Minutes – Seconds
36  Long time
37  Never
38  Clocks – Watches
39  Beginnings – Endings
40  Beforehand
41  Afterwards
42  Past – Present – Future
43  Sooner or later
44  Newness
45  Oldness
46  Age
47  A time and a place
48  Sometimes
49  Lasting
50  Ceasing
51  Changing
52  Happenings
53  Cause – Effect
54  Strength – Weakness
55  Production
56  Destruction
57  Force
58  Parents – Children
59  Locations
60  Standing – Sitting – Lying
61  Finding
62  Home – Abroad
63  Countries
64  Cities – Towns – Villages
65  Where to live
66  Houses
67  Doors – Windows – Keys
68  Guests
69  Absent – Present
70  Bags – Sacks
71  Barrels – Casks
72  Baskets
73  Bottles – Cans
74  Cups – Glasses
75  Dishes – Plates
76  Pots – Bowls – Jugs
77  Spoons – Ladles
78  Wells
79  Other containers
80  Loads
81  Big size
82  Little size
83  Big v Little
84  Distance
85  Nearness
86  Long – Short
87  Middle – Ends
88  Wide – Narrow
89  Hairs – Threads
90  High – Low
91  Depth
92  Hills – Mountains
93  Top – Bottom
94  Holding
95  Support
96  Tables – Chairs
97  Upright – Falling
98  Outside – Inside
99  Covering
100  Clothing
101  Bodywear
102  Footwear
103  Headwear
104  Weaving
105  Between
106  Walls
107  Edges
108  Enclosures
109  In front – Behind
110  Sides
111  Building
112  Straight – Bent – Crooked
113  Roundness
114  Prominences
115  Holes
116  Sharp things
117  Rough – Smooth
118  Opening – Closing
119  Motion
120  Standing still
121  Coming – Going
122  Walking
123  Riding
124  Carrying
125  Travel by land
126  Travel by sea
127  Travel by river
128  Swimming
129  Travel by air
130  Fast
131  Slow
132  Striking
133  Directions
134  Throwing
135  Pushing – Pulling
136  Arrival
137  Departure
138  Entering – Leaving
139  Hunger
140  Thirst
141  Eating
142  Food
143  Cooking
144  Meals
145  Fruit
146  Vegetables
147  Meat
148  Soup
149  Bakery
150  Dairy
151  Sauces – Condiments – Sweeteners
152  Alcoholic drinks
153  Non-alcoholic drinks
154  Excretion
155  Inserting – Extracting
156  Passing
157  Ascent
158  Descent
159  Lifting – Rising
160  Lowering – Dropping
161  Jumping
162  Revolving
163  Shaking
164  Things
165  Materials
166  World
167  Sun – Moon – Stars
168  Sky – Clouds – Weather
169  Wind
170  Weight
171  Hard – Brittle – Soft
172  Flour
173  Rubbing – Lubricating
174  Water
175  Semi-liquids – Semi-solids
176  Wet – Dry
177  Seas
178  Rivers – Streams
179  Inland water
180  Conduits
181  Land – Ground
182  Rocks – Stones
183  Breathing – Blowing
184  Birth
185  Life
186  Death
187  Life v Death
188  Killing
189  Drowning
190  Corpses – Burials
191  Bears
192  Camels
193  Cats
194  Cattle – Oxen
195  Dogs
196  Elephants
197  Foxes
198  Goats
199  Horses – Donkeys
200  Hyenas
201  Lions – Tigers – Leopards
202  Mice – Rats
203  Monkeys – Gorillas
204  Pigs
205  Rabbits – Hares
206  Sheep
207  Wolves
208  Other wild animals
209  Birds
210  Types of bird
211  Poultry
212  Fish – Fishing
213  Types of fish – Crustaceans
214  Frogs – Toads
215  Reptiles
216  Worms
217  Ants
218  Bees
219  Fleas
220  Flies
221  Other insects
222  Forests – Woods
223  Trees
224  Grass – Hay
225  Bushes – Hedges
226  Flowers – Gardens
227  Agriculture
228  People – Peoples
229  Men
230  Women
231  Men v Women
232  Heart – Blood
233  Bones – Joints
234  Back – Buttocks
235  Stomach – Liver
236  Skin – Fur – Shell – Feathers
237  Head
238  Hair (or not)
239  Face
240  Mouth
241  Tongue
242  Teeth
243  Ears
244  Eyes
245  Arms
246  Hands
247  Fingers – Thumbs
248  Legs
249  Feet – Toes
250  Tail
251  Washing
252  Feeling
253  Touch
254  Heat – Warmth
255  Fire
256  Extinguishing
257  Fuel – Smoke
258  Cold – Cool
259  Taste
260  Sweet
261  Sour
262  Smell
263  Sound
264  Silence
265  Faint noise
266  Loudness
267  Object noises
268  Animal noises
269  Human noises
270  Music
271  Song
272  Musical instruments
273  Hearing
274  Light
275  Candles – Lanterns
276  Dark
277  Looking – Seeing
278  Blindness
279  Colours
280  Black – White
281  Watching
282  Appearing – Disappearing
283  Mind
284  Thinking
285  Attention – Inattention
286  Careful – Careless
287  Questions
288  Answers
289  Seeking
290  Counting – Testing – Measuring
291  Possible – Probable – Impossible
292  Certain – Uncertain
293  Judging
294  Discovering
295  Belief – Unbelief
296  Knowledge
297  Ignorance
298  Scholarship
299  Truth
300  Error
301  Proverbs – Sayings
302  Intelligence
303  Wisdom
304  Stupidity
305  Madness
306  Remembering
307  Forgetting
308  Expectation
309  Destiny
310  Meaning
311  Information
312  Disclosure
313  Concealment
314  Books
315  News – Advertising
316  Teaching – Learning
317  Lies
318  Deception
319  Signs – Symbols
320  Art – Arts
321  Languages
322  Words
323  Names – Titles
324  Speech
325  Conversation
326  Reading – Writing
327  Literature
328  Endurance – Patience
329  Choice
330  Habit – Practice
331  Good
332  Better
333  Best
334  Bad
335  Worse
336  Worst
337  Business
338  Pursuit
339  Avoidance
340  Passageway
341  Roads – Streets
342  Need
343  Manner – Means
344  Tools
345  Providing – Keeping
346  Sufficient
347  Importance
348  No matter
349  Useful
350  Useless
351  Perfect – Imperfect
352  Clean
353  Dirty
354  Health – Ill health
355  Diseases
356  Mending – Restoring
357  Healing – Medicine
358  Doctors – Dentists
359  Deterioration
360  Poison
361  Safety – Danger
362  Preservation
363  Trying
364  Using – Not using
365  Deeds
366  Work – Pay – Leisure
367  Energy
368  Operation
369  Inactivity
370  Laziness
371  Awake – Asleep
372  Beds
373  Haste
374  Advice
375  Ability – Skill – Cunning
376  Difficult
377  Easy
378  Help
379  Taking sides
380  Quarrelling
381  Attack – Fighting
382  Defence – Castles
383  War – Peace
384  Soldiers
385  Weapons
386  Complete – Incomplete
387  Success – Failure
388  Fortune – Misfortune
389  Luck – Bad luck
390  Power
391  Obedience – Disobedience
392  Service
393  Freedom
394  Catching
395  Restraint
396  Permission
397  Prevention
398  Acquiring
399  Losing
400  Having possessions
401  Having a mind
402  Having a body
403  Having relatives and pets
404  What animals have
405  What things and notions have
406  Offers – Promises – Refusals
407  Retaining
408  Giving – Gifts
409  Receiving
410  Lending – Borrowing
411  Taking
412  Stealing
413  Buying – Selling
414  Money
415  Types of money
416  Rich – Poor
417  Payment
418  Cost
419  Cheap – Dear
420  Economizing
421  Happiness – Joy
422  Pleasure
423  Sadness – Grief
424  Pain
425  Troubles
426  Laughing – Jesting
427  Crying
428  Amusements
429  Performing arts
430  Gambling – Cards
431  Sports – Games
432  Beauty
433  Beautification
434  Jewellery – Ornament
435  Spoiling
436  Ridicule
437  Hope
438  Fear
439  Courage
440  Caution
441  Desire
442  Wonders
443  Fame – Shame
444  Pride – Modesty
445  Friends
446  Neighbours
447  Enemies
448  Society
449  Politeness
450  Love
451  Kisses – Caresses
452  Dislike – Anger
453  Marriage
454  Tenderness – Forgiveness
455  Goodness – Evil
456  Deserving
457  Respect – Contempt
458  Praise – Blame
459  Drunkenness
460  Laws – Lawyers
461  Punishment
462  God – Gods
463  Angels – Saints
464  Devils
465  Heaven
466  Worship
467  Clergy
468  Church

LIST OF PANELS (#ulink_ae73a02a-4e9a-5fc1-b4f3-3074c8bbfdd4)
Panel 1 Family mottoes
Panel 2 Groups of three
Panel 3 Proverbs in Shakespeare
Panel 4 Country variations – climate
Panel 5 Present tense
Panel 6 Belonging together
Panel 7 Children play with proverbs
Panel 8 Country variations – artefacts
Panel 9 Succinctness
Panel 10 Local words
Panel 11 Phonetic structure
Panel 12 Dramatic proverbs
Panel 13 Tracing a history
Panel 14 First person proverbs
Panel 15 A character called Proverbs
Panel 16 Country variations – animals
Panel 17 Country variations – plants
Panel 18 Contrasts
Panel 19 Proverb grammar
Panel 20 A catch-phrase becoming a proverb
Panel 21 Nonstandard language
Panel 22 Paremiographers
Panel 23 Proverbs in Shakespeare’s school
Panel 24 A proverb poem
Panel 25 Proverbial software
Panel 26 ‘Proverbs’ in Shakespeare
Panel 27 Being bilingual
Panel 28 Authorial creations
Panel 29 Adults play with proverbs
Panel 30 Country variations – beliefs and behaviour
Panel 31 Biblical proverbs
Panel 32 Unfinished proverbs

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