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Warsaw 1920: Lenin’s Failed Conquest of Europe
Adam Zamoyski
The dramatic and little-known story of how, in the summer of 1920, Lenin came within a hair's breadth of shattering the painstakingly constructed Versailles peace settlement and spreading Bolshevism to western Europe.In 1920 the new Soviet state was a mess, following a brutal civil war, and the best way of ensuring its survival appeared to be to export the revolution to Germany, itself economically ruined by defeat in World War I and racked by internal political dissension.Between Russia and Germany lay Poland, a nation that had only just recovered its independence after more than a century of foreign oppression. But it was economically and militarily weak and its misguided offensive to liberate the Ukraine in the spring of 1920 laid it open to attack. Egged on by Trotsky, Lenin launched a massive westward advance under the flamboyant Marshal Tukhachevsky.All that Great Britain and France had fought for over four years now seemed at risk. By the middle of August the Russians were only a few kilometres from Warsaw, and Berlin was less than a week's march away. Then occurred the 'Miracle of the Vistula': the Polish army led by Jozef Pilsudski regrouped and achieved one of the most decisive victories in military history.As a result, the Versailles peace settlement survived, and Lenin was forced to settle for Communism in one country. The battle for Warsaw bought Europe nearly two decades of peace, and communism remained a mainly Russian phenomenon, subsuming many of the autocratic and Byzantine characteristics of Russia's tsarist tradition.



WARSAW 1920
Lenin’s Failed Conquest of Europe
ADAM ZAMOYSKI



COPYRIGHT
Harper Press
HarperCollinsPublishers
77-85 Fulham Palace Road,
Hammersmith, London W6 8JB
www.harpercollins.co.uk (http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/)
Published by HarperCollinsPublishers 2008
Copyright © Adam Zamoyski 2008
The author asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.
HarperCollinsPublishers has made every reasonable effort to ensure that any picture content and written content in this ebook has been included or removed in accordance with the contractual and technological constraints in operation at the time of publication.
Source ISBN: 9780007225521
Ebook Edition © DECEMBER 2014 ISBN: 9780007284009
Version: 2014-10-31

Contents
Cover (#u28708425-b06e-5421-a6ee-c71a5743ef5b)
Title Page (#u7b9e2948-5603-5e02-a786-29684cfcd843)
Copyright
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
Introduction
1 Old Scores and New Dawns
2 Playing Soldiers
3 Grand Designs
4 The Miracle on the Vistula
5 Settling the Scores
6 The Aftermath
Keep Reading (#ufd5b67de-9c81-501e-a236-b43dbd56b49a)
Sources
Further Reading in English
Index
Also by the Author
About the Publisher

ILLUSTRATIONS
Pilsudski reviewing volunteers setting off for the front. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Kamenev with soldiers of the Red Army. (The David King Archive, London)
Russian infantry on parade. (The David King Archive, London)
Russian heavy artillery outside Warsaw, August 1920. (The David King Archive, London)
A colour party of Red cavalry, spring 1920. (The David King Archive, London)
The Red cavalry’s secret weapon, the tachanka. (The David King Archive, London)
Polish field artillery in Pinsk, spring 1920. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
The Polish 16th Lancers marching through Równe, March 1920. (Biblioteka Ksiazat Czartoryskich, Kraków)
Polish heavy artillery in Ukraine, May 1920. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
The Polish Air Force’s Kosciuszko Squadron, made up of American volunteers. (The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London) Polish armoured train. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
A Russian divisional radio transmitter. (The David King Archive, London)
Zeligowski. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Yakir. (The David King Archive, London)
Uborevich. (The David King Archive, London)
Sosnkowski. (The Józef Pilsudski Institute, London)
A Russian armoured car captured by the Poles in the Kiev offensive.
(Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Smigly-Rydz taking the salute as Polish troops march into Kiev, 7 May 1920. (The Józef Pilsudski Institute, London)
Smigly-Rydz greeting the Ukrainian leader Ataman Symon Petlura in Kiev. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Recruits of the Ukrainian National Army parade before Petlura.
(Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Lenin calling for volunteers to fight Poland, May 1920. (The David King Archive, London)
Tukhachevsky. (The David King Archive, London)
Szeptycki. (The Józef Pilsudski Institute, London)
Stalin. (The David King Archive, London)
Yegorov. (The David King Archive, London)
Budionny and Voroshilov. (The David King Archive, London)
Gai. (The David King Archive, London)
Units of the Polish First Army in retreat, early August 1920. (The Józef Pilsudski Institute, London)
The PolRevKom, Lenin’s government for Poland. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Soldiers of Budionny’s Konarmia, July 1920. (The David King Archive, London)
Officers of the French military mission to Poland. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Haller. (The Józef Pilsudski Institute, London)
Iwaszkiewicz. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
A detachment of the Women’s Volunteer Legion, August 1920.
(Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Sikorski. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Polish machine-gun emplacement outside Warsaw, August 1920.
(Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Polish tanks at Minsk Mazowiecki, August 1920. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Polish infantry advancing outside Warsaw. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Pilsudski. (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)
Men of Gai’s KonKorpus being disarmed by German lancers.
(Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, Warsaw)

MAPS

Europe after the Paris peace settlement (#ulink_b290f90e-e85d-5d2d-8271-284ce29c6942)
The Kiev offensive and the battle of the Berezina
The Kiev débâcle
Tukhachevsky’s march on Europe
The battle for Brody
The Polish regrouping operation
The battle for Warsaw, 14 August
The battle for Warsaw, 15–16 August
The counterstroke, 16–22 August
Budionny’s last battle
Last stand on the Niemen

INTRODUCTION

It may come as something of a surprise to most people that a battle as decisive as Marathon or Waterloo took place in Europe between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Second in 1939. Dramatic and fateful as they were, the events that took place at the gates of Warsaw in August 1920 have sunk into oblivion.
This is the more surprising as they had a profound effect on the politics of the 1920s and 1930s, on the course of the Second World War, and on the peace settlement of 1945, as well as a lasting one on attitudes throughout Europe — figures such as Stalin, Churchill and De Gaulle were personally involved, while others such as Mussolini, Franco and Hitler took careful note.
The reasons for this eclipse are not hard to find. One is that while the battle did indeed alter the course of history, it did so by preventing something from taking place rather than by reversing it; this meant that it had no palpable impact on anyone not directly involved. Another is that historians of the time were mostly preoccupied with other themes, such as composing triumphalist accounts of the Great War from their own national standpoint. If they mentioned the battle of Warsaw at all, they tended to follow the lead of Soviet historians, who, not wishing to accept that their country had lost a war, treated it as part of the Russian Civil War, which the Soviets had won. Finally, the Second World War reversed the effect of the 1920 contest, seemingly rendering it irrelevant in the greater scheme of things. A negative view of Eastern Europe and the wholesale acceptance of socialist orthodoxies by Western historians in the decades following it did the rest.
This little book does not pretend to fill the resulting void. All it can aspire to is to provide an outline of the events, and specialists will find my generalisations wanting. Since the political and diplomatic background has been extensively covered by others (see Further Reading, page 149), I have concentrated on the military operations, and in particular on providing a synthesis accessible to the general reader and a succinct overview of what happened and how. This necessarily excludes dozens of minor actions and ignores the part played by many lesser actors, some of them of crucial importance. Nor can it give anything but a hint of the horrors and the heroism involved, or of the sense, which comes through all personal accounts and contemporary documents, that this was a crisis of European civilization.
I was fortunate enough to take an interest in these events some years ago, when many participants and even a few key players were still alive. There was something both exciting and unreal about sitting in a seedy London flat or a clapboard house somewhere in the great expanses of American suburbia, talking to someone who had stared death in the face at the end of a lance or seen the glint of Trotsky’s spectacles. It was also deeply rewarding, as it helped me to bridge the gulf between how events appear from documents and how they are experienced on the ground. Sadly, it was not then possible to talk to participants on the Soviet side, which would have added a remarkable perspective.
In spite, or perhaps because, of its contentious nature, the Polish-Soviet conflict of 1919–21 is extremely well covered in Polish and Russian, and there has never been any shortage of written sources. All of the essential operational documents were accessible, either in print or in archives, remarkably early on, and little has emerged in the past two decades to shed the kind of new light that would prompt a reinterpretation of the events. And although the numerous studies produced in Poland and Russia between the wars are rarely free of bias, they do contain a wealth of solid information. Perhaps surprisingly in the circumstances, it is the even more numerous accounts and studies by participants that provide some of the most interesting material. Although they tend to be written from a partisan and often blinkered position, an intelligent reading that takes this into account can yield rich pickings.
As the participants and witnesses I was able to interview are no longer with us, I would like in the first place to thank them, and particularly the late Aleksander Praglowski, Kornel Krzeczunowicz, Wladyslaw Anders and Adam Minkiewicz. I am also indebted to Stanislaw Bieganski of the Józef Pilsudski Institute and Waclaw Milewski of the Sikorski Institute in London; to Boguslaw Winid, to Dr Andrzej Czeslaw Zak of the Central Army Archive and Dr Grzegorz Nowik of the Army Centre for Historical Studies in Warsaw, to Professor Andrzej Nowak, Bogdan Gancarz, and to my friend Norman Davies. As always, Shervie Price anticipated the queries of the standard reader.
Adam Zamoyski
London
September 2007


Europe after the Paris peace settlement

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